Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communication Technology in India

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The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) published a draft notification proposing key amendments to the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989.

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) technology is an advanced wireless communication framework that lets nearby vehicles continually exchange real-time information such as speed, location, direction, acceleration, and braking status.
Traditional vehicle sensors require a clear line of sight to spot hazards, but V2V technology warns drivers about hidden obstacles beyond their visual range to prevent road accidents.

The central government established the new AIS-230 (Automotive Industry Standard) to regulate all technical parameters for V2V systems.
Starting from October 1, 2027, vehicles that voluntarily install V2V hardware must follow the safety guidelines set under the AIS-230 rules.
Beginning October 1, 2028, fitting V2V technology will become mandatory for all newly produced L, M, and N category motor vehicles.
The system operates on the dedicated 5.875 GHz to 5.925 GHz spectrum band via Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) technology, which the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) exempted from spectrum licensing.

This technology aims to cut down road deaths in India by combining with existing Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and building a strong base for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS).

Vehicles carry factory-installed On-Board Units (OBUs) that broadcast low-latency data packets containing GPS coordinates, speed, trajectory, and safety alerts.
Vehicles communicate directly with each other over a range of several hundred meters using a peer-to-peer network without depending on cell towers or cloud servers.
An onboard processor checks incoming signals against the vehicle trajectory in milliseconds and alerts the driver through screens, audio tones, or steering wheel vibrations before a hazard appears.

The standard uses license-free C-V2X radio channels working in the 5.9 GHz band (5.875 GHz to 5.925 GHz).
It establishes strict performance criteria for receiver sensitivity, GNSS location precision, battery protection, and electromagnetic compatibility.
It delivers complete 360-degree non-line-of-sight coverage, working reliably around sharp turns, blind intersections, heavy fog, or behind large trucks.
It includes a built-in cybersecurity system with encrypted verification protocols to prevent fake signals, unauthorized message changes, and hacker attacks.

The Emergency Electronic Brake Light (EEBL) system alerts trailing drivers when a vehicle several positions ahead brakes hard, preventing multi-car pileups.
The Forward Collision Warning (FCW) notifies the driver whenever a front-end crash becomes likely due to stopped or slow-moving traffic.
The Blind Spot and Lane Change Warnings inform drivers if another car is approaching fast in a side mirror blind spot during overtaking moves.
The Wrong-Way Driving Alert identifies vehicles traveling in the wrong direction on one-way roads or divided highways.
The Emergency Vehicle Approaching Alert warns drivers about coming ambulances, fire engines, or police cars so they can clear the lane early.